Theoretically, scientifically, yes they do.
Whether the effect is actually measurable is debatable. When I bought my campervan I had the opportunity to try a few different kettles on the gas burner and because I'm a nerd I timed how long it took to boil a litre of water. I don't have the actual figures to hand but I remember that the finned kettle was faster, but the non-finned kettle was prettier and fitted in the cupboard better, and the difference in boiling speed was not significant enough to override those other two concerns
So yes they make a difference. But IMO let your wallet or rucksack size decide if it's worth it